Wednesday, August 26, 2020

New Yorks Most Notorious Neighborhood

New Yorks Most Notorious Neighborhood It is difficult to exaggerate how famous the lower Manhattan neighborhood called the Five Points was all through the 1800s. It was supposed to be the perch of pack individuals and hoodlums of numerous types, and was broadly known, and dreaded, as the home turf of colorful groups of Irish settlers. The notoriety of the Five Points was far reaching to such an extent that when the popular creator Charles Dickens visited New York on his first outing to America in 1842, the writer of Londons underside needed to see it for himself. Almost 20 years after the fact, Abraham Lincoln visited the Five Points during a visit to New York while he was thinking about running for president. Lincoln invested energy at a Sunday school run by reformers attempting to change the area and accounts of his visit showed up in paper months after the fact, during his 1860 battle. The Location Provided the Name The Five Points took its name since it denoted the convergence of four roads Anthony, Cross, Orange, and Little Water-which met up to shape an unpredictable convergence with five corners. In the previous century, the Five Points has basically vanished, as boulevards have been diverted and renamed. Current places of business and town halls have been developed on what had been a ghetto known the world over. Populace of the Neighborhood The Five Points, in the mid-1800s, was referred to fundamentally as an Irish neighborhood. The open recognition at the time was that the Irish, a large number of whom were escaping the Great Famine, were criminal naturally. What's more, the horrifying ghetto conditions and unavoidable wrongdoing of the Five Points just added to that mentality. While the area was overwhelmingly Irish during the 1850s, there were likewise African-Americans, Italians, and different other settler gatherings. The ethnic gatherings living in closeness made some intriguing social cross-fertilization, and legend holds that tap moving created in the Five Points. African American artists adjusted moves from Irish artists, and the outcome was American tap moving. Stunning Conditions Prevailed Change developments of the mid-1800s brought forth handouts and books itemizing unpleasant urban conditions. What's more, it appears that notices of the Five Points consistently figure unmistakably in such records. Its difficult to tell how exact the offensive depictions of the area are, as the journalists by and large had a plan and a conspicuous motivation to overstate. Be that as it may, records of individuals basically pressed into little spaces and even underground tunnels appear to be normal to the point that they are most likely evident. The Old Brewery An enormous structure which had been a distillery in provincial occasions was a famous milestone in the Five Points. It was guaranteed that up to 1,000 needy individuals lived in the Old Brewery, and it was supposed to be a cave of incredible bad habit, including betting and prostitution and unlawful cantinas. The Old Brewery was torn down during the 1850s, and the site was offered over to a crucial reason for existing was to attempt to help neighborhood inhabitants. Popular Five Points Gangs There are numerous legends about road packs which shaped in the Five Points. The groups had names like the Dead Rabbits, and they were known to every so often take on contributed conflicts with different packs the roads of lower Manhattan. The reputation of the Five Points posses was deified in the great book Gangs of New York by Herbert Asbury, which was distributed in 1928. Asburys book was the premise of the Martin Scorsese film Gangs of New York, which depicted the Five Points (however the film was reprimanded for some recorded errors). While quite a bit of what has been expounded on the Five Points Gangs was sensationalized, if not so much manufactured, the posses existed. Toward the beginning of July 1857, for instance, the Dead Rabbits Riot was accounted for by the New York City papers. In long periods of showdowns, individuals from the Dead Rabbits rose up out of the Five Points to threaten individuals from different posses. Charles Dickens Visited the Five Points The renowned creator Charles Dickens had found out about the Five Points and tried visiting when he came to New York City. He was joined by two police officers, who took him inside structures where he saw occupants drinking, moving, and in any event, staying in bed squeezed quarters. His protracted and brilliant portrayal of the scene showed up in his book American Notes. The following are portions: Destitution, wretchedness, and bad habit, are overflowing enough where we are going at this point. This is the spot: these thin ways, wandering to one side and left, and stinking wherever with soil and filth...Debauchery has made the very houses rashly old. Perceive how the spoiled pillars are tumbling down, and how the fixed and broken windows appear to frown faintly, similar to eyes that have been harmed in plastered frays...So far, almost every house is a low bar; and on the pub dividers, are hued prints of Washington, and Queen Victoria of England, and the American hawk. Among the compartments that hold the containers, are bits of reinforced glass and hued paper, for there is, in some sort, a preference for embellishment, even here...What place is this, to which the dirty road conducts us? A sort of square of infected houses, some of which are feasible just by insane wooden steps without. What lies past this tottering trip of steps, that squeak underneath our track? Aâ miserable room, lit by one diminish flame, and penniless of all solace, spare what might be covered up in a pitiable bed. Adjacent to it, sits a man, his elbows on his knees, his brow covered up in his hands...(Charles Dickens, American Notes) Dickens went on at extensive length depicting the abhorrences of the Five Points, finishing up, all that is accursed, hanging, and rotted is here. When Lincoln visited, almost two decades later, much had changed in the Five Points. Different change developments had moved through the area, and Lincolns visit was to a Sunday school, not a cantina. By the late 1800s, the area experienced significant changes as laws were upheld and the risky notoriety of the area blurred away. In the end, the area just stopped to exist as the city developed. The area of the Five Points today would be generally situated under a complex of court structures built in the mid twentieth century.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Mini-Assignment #1 †Case: Mccain Foods Limited

1. On the off chance that you were accountable for the Asian activities for McCain, how might you suggest the organization conquer the difficulties in the Chinese market? Being an outsider in any market is a test, on the off chance that I were accountable for the Asian tasks for McCain I would initially increase a comprehension of what advances to the Chinese market. Along these lines I will have the option to deliver an item that won't just fulfill the Chinese shoppers yet additionally not annoy them.For model, with respect to bundling, the Chinese market are very pulled in to the shading red as it passes on good karma and favorable luck while our organization ought to maintain a strategic distance from the shading white as it speaks to death and grieving. It is straightforward subtleties like these that the Chinese market would turn out to be progressively agreeable and ready to acknowledge western food. Moreover, costs of the McCain items might be viewed as overrated contrasted wi th neighborhood Chinese products.A diverse methodology being accountable for the Asian tasks is modify the costs of our items, maybe set them at a value lower than the standard so as to engage the Chinese customers who are curious about McCain. Bringing down the cost will permit shoppers to offer McCain nourishments a chance to show western nourishments can be acknowledged. Once McCain nourishments have gotten progressively acquainted with the Chinese people group our organization would have the option to raise costs as we have just settled an engaging brand with consumers.Another successful choice to defeat the difficulties in the Chinese market is improve publicizing of McCain items. Publicizing efforts including VIPs supporting items have demonstrated various occasions they improve deals and generally attention to the brand. The purpose behind this is on the grounds that particularly in the Chinese market, when buyers see superstars they gaze upward to become related with an item , it floats their enthusiasm towards that specific brand or item. 2. Drawing from Hofstede’s chip away at worldwide societies, what difficulties may Canadian supervisors at McCain face while interfacing with their Chinese business colleagues?Hofstede’s take a shot at worldwide societies incorporates power separation, independence community, vulnerability evasion, and manliness gentility. The difficulties concerning power separation incorporate that Canadians may treat subordinates all the more reasonably and similarly not at all like Chinese supervisors who have faith in formal position and knowing your place of rank inside the organization/business. The difficulties with power separation Canadian supervisors may face will at first be setting up a relationship with Chinese business colleagues.They may find that the Chinese are less ready to trade data and speak with each other as Canadians follow a progressively just view versus the Chinese after an imperious view. Bes ides Canadians may confront difficulties with independence cooperation as their scores contrast inconceivably. The attitude of the two societies conflict as Canadians have an un-one-sided take with regards to recruiting and advancements; exclusively taking a gander at execution and the capability of that individual while the Chinese interpretation of a progressively one-sided see giving higher need towards individuals directors have an association with, for example, family members.The principle difficulties would be settling on the best way to advance and recruit representatives with such various perspectives. Basically Chinese business associates have a methodology of contrasting outcomes and different organizations while Canadians take a gander at a more extensive picture, seeing profitability/productivity achievement. The test the two societies should confront is trading off administration styles to satisfy representatives just as contribute towards the company’s achieveme nt. Book reference: China †Geert Hofstede. 2 Feb. 2013 <http://geert-hofstede. com/china. html> Canada †Geert Hofstede. 2 Feb. 2013 <http://geert-hofstede. com/canada. html>

Tuesday, August 18, 2020

George Saunders on Making Lincoln in the Bardo, His New 166-Voice Audiobook

George Saunders on Making Lincoln in the Bardo, His New 166-Voice Audiobook Lincoln in the Bardo is such a special audiobook, unlike any other I’ve heard. Based on a true story, it takes place over one night when Lincoln visits the cemetery to hold the body of his newly buried 11-year-old son. The audiobook is narrated by 166 voices, including Nick Offerman, David Sedaris, Julianne Moore, Don Cheadle, and many more household names, who all play ghosts. And I love it to bits.  No book has ever made me weep (or laugh) so openly. Author George Saunders and executive producer Kelly Gildea kindly talked with me to give Book Riot a behind-the-scenes look at the making of  Lincoln in the Bardo. They worked closely together to co-produce the audiobook, which Kelly Gildea directed. Rachel Smalter Hall: I still have about 10 minutes left of the audiobook, because every time I listen to it I just start crying. Its so beautiful. Kelly Gildea: Oh just wait til the end, because Don Cheadle is going to punch you in the heart. Its gorgeous. He was the perfect ending to the book. RSH: So…. why 166 narrators? KG: I ask myself that every day (laughs). George contacted me really early in the process before I had even looked at the book with this fear of Do I have to read this myself? I was surprised because I thought he enjoyed narrating his audiobooks. But when I physically opened the book, I totally got it because its structured kind of like a play, so we agreed to use multiple narrators. Then one day he threw out the idea, Do you think its possible we could ever get one voice for every speaking part in the audio?” When I came up with that number of 166, he backed off and said, Oh, I get that thats probably impossible.” And then we got fixated on the idea and we just ran with it. It helped that we had a lot of volunteers. We added up who was committed to it initially, and then we decided, well, we have 50 more people to find, so lets just do it. At that point, it was like why not go for it? RSH: What was your elevator pitch to get some of the higher profile celebrities on board with this project? KG: George is not a hard sell, thats all I have to say. He and Nick Offerman are pretty close friends, and Nick was the first to jump on board, along with [his wife] Megan Mullally. Then we needed to find our other lead. We knew that David Sedaris is a big audiobook fan and likes Georges work, so we decided to put a shot out in the dark to see if he would do it. We both almost fell off our chairs when he said yes. So we had our three main readers, including George, and then we pitched that team of three to other actors. We reached out to a lot of actors who were fans of his work, and Nick and Megan helped with some of the actors, too. Some people said yes just based on the size of the cast at that point and how exciting the book was. It really wasnt a hard sell. RSH: That’s great that having Nick Offerman attached from the beginning helped with the rest of the casting. At what point did you know that you wanted him to voice Mr. Vollman? George Saunders: Pretty much the moment I turned my mind to the audiobook. He has such a trustworthy, grounded, loveable presence, and I always saw Vollman as sort of “The Scarecrow” of the book. Nick has this wonderfully real and affectionate quality as a person and that comes through beautifully in his performance. We have to like Hans and we have to like Bevins, and both Nick and David have that ineffable “something” in their voices (and selves) that make people lean toward them. RSH: David Sedaris is so well-known and well-loved for his audiobook performances of his humorous essays, but I’m not aware of any fiction that he’s narrated before. KG: He hasnt. He never has. Which he reminded me of many times when he got into the studio (laughs). Hes so good. Hes so good! I think he was actually a little concerned that he didnt have acting chops. He was like, are you sure you want me to do this? And we said, “Yes, absolutely!” And then he actually said, “If you dont think Im good enough, please tell me, because I dont want to sabotage this production.” I told him that it was just one character to inhabit, and if he could find that character’s voice, we’d be fine. And as soon as he started reading, he was perfect. When George listened to it, he said that David was a revelation. RSH: Ms. Gildea, you would send emails sometimes after a particularly great performance to say “tears in my eyes” or “I’m feeling chills.” What were some of those performances that gave you both chills? KG: I feel like I wrote that after every recording (laughs). Absolutely after Nick and David because we had spent a day with each of them and theyre so pivotal to the book. The man who plays Willie Lincoln, Kirby Heyborne, is a very seasoned narrator and a friend of mine, and I kind of saved that role for him. I think hes perfect. GS: There were so many wonderful performances that I hesitate to say. Nick and David were extraordinary. Soulful and funny. What was really beautiful was to hear all of these talented people be open to the “reading moment,” i.e., that combination of what was on the page and what was within oneself, just then. I’m familiar with the writing version of that moment â€" where you take stock of what has come before and just…leap. So it was strange to hear, over and over, the aural version of that being enacted. Somebody would say a line and it would be…perfect. For reasons I couldn’t quite explain. Sometimes, the voice I heard was essentially the voice I’d had in my head back when I wrote the passage, as with Keegan Michael-Key, Bill Hader, and Megan Mullally. Other times, the voice was different than the one I’d had in mind, but would be doing more work. Ben Stiller’s Jack Manders is smarter and more loveable than the voice I’d imagined, and because he sort of whispered it as he did it, it evoked the whole scene: the silent graveyard late at night, Manders in his little shed. RSH: Did you go into it having certain actors in mind for certain roles? KG: Yes, absolutely. It’s interesting, George really, really wanted Jeff Tweedy to voice Captain William Prince, which is a very big, very emotional role, and I kept saying, “Are you sure you dont want to give that to an actor?” Not to take anything away from Jeff, but I thought he might want something smaller because hes not an actor. And George said, No, I absolutely want him to do this. And I was blown away! He did it so differently than I would have thought, and I love what he did. He was wonderful. The role that Ben Stiller does is so cool and so different from anything else in the book, and its really hard vocally. He has such a rhythm that was so hard to nail down, but he did it. I mean, hes just perfect in that role. RSH: The Reverend has such a haunting, unforgettable role. Mr. Saunders, why did you choose him as the character you wanted to voice? GS: Kelly chose that. Well….she enforced that. She made me, in other words. Once I saw what a great cast we were getting, I was lobbying to have a real actor do The Reverend. But Kelly felt â€" and she was perceptive in this, as she is perceptive in all things â€" that The Reverend is as close as we get to a narrator in this thing. So she felt it made sense for me to do it. RSH: Could you tell us a little about a few of your family and friends who are cast? GS: There was this moment where we realized that, as lucky as we were getting with booking actors and voice professionals, 166 is a lot of voices. So I asked my wife, Paula, if she’d do it, and then my daughters…and it kind of picked up speed from there. So my parents and sisters are on there, my brother- and sister-in-law and their kids, dear friends from college and high school and even grade school, and two teachers who saved my life by getting me into college. My agent is on there and people from Penguin Random House. It’s so nice, so moving, to hear these beloved voices suddenly come up in the middle of a scene. RSH: Nick Offerman and David Sedaris had such great chemistry, and Bill Hader and Megan Mullally were also fantastic as Eddie and Betsy Baron. Did any of the actors do studio time together, or were those all individual recording sessions? KG: No, those were all individual recording sessions! It was just logistically impossible to record together. That’s why it was so important for me to be there for every session. If I couldnt be there in person, I needed to Skype in. It’s challenging when people are playing off each other, I have to remember how Nick read that line so David can respond. RSH: We have to talk about the music and the soundscape. The book takes place in two different realms, and in the audiobook the scene is set for each realm with its own signature “sound,” which I loved. How did that come to be? KG: George and I talked initially about wanting to differentiate the bardo from the historical sections with sound effects. When I talked to Ted Scott, who edited the book, he was like, “Let me play around with it.” We talked about wanting the bardo to be the sound of wind and night, but I never thought about adding something to the historical sections. When I was done recording and started listening to the program put together, Ted said, Im going to give you what Ive done and see what you think.” And he had added the fiddles and some of the music over the historical sections and I LOVED it. That was totally his idea, and it was incredible. RSH: Do you think this project would have gotten made 5 years ago, or is it only possible because of all the recent growth in the audiobook industry? KG: Wow, thats a really good question. Probably not. I think it helps that audio is a booming business and that people are more into it as time goes on. But looking back I honestly dont know how else I would have done this. This was a lot of work and scheduling and logistics, but I feel like so much of what this book is saying is that everyone has a story and everyone has a voice. The fact that we literally gave everyone a voice is meaningful to me. I dont know how else to do it in retrospect. But yes, I think it helps that we anticipated a lot of people would want to listen to it. And I hope that a lot of people will! RSH: A lot of die-hard print readers might miss out on this incredible audiobook. Mr. Saunders, what would you say to them to convince them to try it? GS: It really is a different artistic experience. I found myself having more time to imagine the backstories of the ghost’s narratives…to imagine the towns and houses where they lived and so on. I felt them more as individual people, and that was simply because of the voices and the performative quality of the readings. I also found myself “noticing” things in the text that I hadn’t, until I heard the lines delivered. So maybe I’d say that a character, read by you, is a different beast from a character, speaking to you â€" and there was something deeply pleasurable in that. I also think there’s something beautiful (and maybe even apropos to our political moment) about hearing this cacophony of American voices, from every region and ethnicity and so on, coming together to tell this story, which I always understood as a version of the formation myth: a crossroads moment for Lincoln and therefore the country. Lincoln in the Bardo is available wherever audiobooks are sold as of February 14, 2017. 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Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Impact of Classroom Technology on Student Behavior

Journal of Technology Research The impact of classroom technology on student behavior Angeline M. Lavin University of South Dakota Leon Korte University of South Dakota Thomas L. Davies University of South Dakota ABSTRACT The trend toward technology enhanced classrooms has escalated quickly during the past five years as students have become increasingly tech-savvy. Classrooms across the nation have become â€Å"wired† and textbook publishers now offer a wide variety of computerized teaching supplements. In fact, some may argue that technology is now expected in the college classroom. The objective of this research is to examine whether the use of technology in university classes impacts student behavior and student perceptions of instructional†¦show more content†¦For some, it may help them to create better organized, more focused lectures. For others, they believe that the use of technology benefits students by engaging them more in the classroom and allowing them to listen more closely without transcribing every word that is spoken. Some professors m ay choose technology because writing on whiteboards or blackboards hinders their ability to interact with students. Still other instructors may adopt technology as a time saving device because it is readily available today, provided by the publishers who are eager to convince faculty to adopt their textbooks. Although the motivation may differ, theoretically the overall expectation is that technology will improve the course, engage the students and enable them to learn more. There may also be at least the implicit hope by the faculty member that teaching evaluations will improve. The study of what makes a college teacher effective is ongoing. Witcher, Onquegbuzie, Collins, Filer, Wiedmaier, and Moore (2003) suggest that students believe that effective teachers possess many if not all of the following nine characteristics, listed in order of importance: (1) student-centered; (2) knowledgeable about the subject matter; (3) professional; (4) enthusiastic about teaching; (5) effective a t communication; (6) accessible; (7) competent at instruction; (8) fair and respectful; and (9) provider of adequate performance feedback.Show MoreRelatedSleep Deprivation And The Use Of Technology1222 Words   |  5 Pagesis to conclude if there is a correlation between ADHD symptoms, depression, sleep deprivation and the use of technology. The participants in this study will be 200 male and female third, fourth and fifth grade students from all socioeconomic levels. These students will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) the majority of classroom assignments completed using technology 2) technology is not used to complete schoolwork. Data will be collected from parents and teachers using three differentRead MoreTechnology Is Becoming Increasingly Used For Student Learning Through Technology Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology is becoming increasingly used in K-12 schools every day. In fact, in 2010, the U.S. Department of Education released the National Educat ion Technology Plan to promote student learning through technology. School districts began to spend millions of dollars on newer and more updated devices to provide their students with the newest technology. (Factors, 1). But questions have come up about the affect technology has on the students. Do they truly learn more when using technology in theRead More21st Century Classrooms Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pageseducation today there is the view to link educational strategies, programs, initiatives, or technology to student achievement. There are many groups and organizations that are advocating for increased technology literacy. Generally in all aspects of our society, technology has revolutionized and in many ways simplified while enhancing our way of life. It is no surprise that the public expects that technology should have a similar effect on education. Over the past 20 years there have been so many advancementsRead MoreThe Foundation For Management A Classroom1580 Words    |  7 Pagesmanagement a classroom begins creating a classroom management plan. Comprehending how to properly manage a classroom begin with understanding the rationale of having a plan. Contrast to what some people may think class management is not merely a method to have control of the environment. As stated by Newman (2013) classroom management objective is to have an effective means to generate the environments that enable learning, regardless of the students’ age. In order to achieve this feat a classroom managementRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On The Classroom1328 Words   |  6 Pagesabout nine hours using technology, according to a recent report (Common Sense Media). This nine hours is more time than teenagers spend sleeping, completing homework, or interacting with family. In recent years, constant access to the internet and social networking sites has created an addiction- a reliance that today’s youth can’t navigate around. Simultaneous with t he greater presence of technology is greater success in the classroom. Over the past decade, the number of students who pass AP exams everyRead MoreThe Use Of Technology In Schools724 Words   |  3 Pagesburden to increase student achievement on high-stakes or state-mandated assessments combined with the notion that educators should increase the use of technology within their classroom, a study was conducted to determine the impact of technology on test scores. To be more specific the study was conducted to determine the impact that the use of technology had on a select group of at-risk students in 9th grade English Literature. The conditions for this study was that the at-risk students be provided technologyRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Our Daily Lives1505 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology in Education No one can deny the effects that technology has on our daily lives. We might disagree weather or not technology impacts education in a positive or a negative way, but we should agree that technology is everywhere, in our homes, hospitals, schools, companies and institutes. According to Ken Funk (1999), â€Å"The word technology comes from two Greek words, transliterated techne and logos. Techne means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which a thing is gained. LogosRead MoreImpact Of Student Motivation And Student Engagement1520 Words   |  7 PagesImpact on Student Motivation and Student Engagement According to Legault and Green-Demers (2006), one of the most salient academic problems beleaguering today’s students is a lack of motivation toward learning. While education is compulsory, and educators work diligently to create and implement academically appropriate lessons, students, year after year, lack the desire and motivation to participate in academic tasks required to prepare them for the 21st-century world. The lack of student motivationRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Student s Education1675 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the past few years, technology has created a known presence in America’s school systems. Whether it be used for home, testing, or as supplemental material for a lesson plan, technology has made itself to be detrimental to our student’s education and learning. Students who it tends to impact the most though are those in special education classrooms. Where a mainstream student may be utilizing his or her iPad for fun or edu cational games, special education students are using them to help learnRead MoreOur Distracted Culture : What Was It?1643 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily with not that many opportunities to participate in activities. I had cousins to play with of course, and all we would do is play simple games like hide-and-seek, tag, and pretending to be power rangers. At the time the closest thing we had to technology was watching television. We would watch cartoons such as scooby doo, the teenage mutant ninja turtles, and others. I remember the day of my youth when I found out the internet was a thing. I was shocked and didn’t realize something that magical

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

The Risks of Watching Too Much Television Essay - 844 Words

TV is the most common technology device people use and they watch TV for almost all the time. Doctors who know about the advantages and disadvantages in health say that TV does more harmful performances than good performances while people who just watch a lot of TV say that doing this is good for them. Since doctors can help cure people and know what is acceptable for them, this would mean that the doctors are correct about TV harming people than on how the people who watch a lot of TV believe that TV can cause them to get benefits in their life from watching TV. This makes the people who just focus on the TV not know about the risks of doing this. The risks of watching TV that makes TV a harmful device to use rather than a beneficial†¦show more content†¦Specifically, people who see drugs on TV think that its cool, fun, and exciting for them to try these things, when its not (How TV Affects Your Child, 3). All in all, these behaviors influenced by the TV are detrimental to people. Another way on how TV can be harmful to people is that it can cause people to have health problems. According to news.bbc.co.uk, a doctor named Dimitri Christakis once said that TV can cause the developing mind to experience unnatural levels of stimulation. (Watching TV is Bad For Children, 1).For this reason, a person can have a hard time focusing in school since they can get concentration problems from this. Another health problem that can get into, people is that they can get an attention deficit disorder from watching TV. As a result, The study of 1,345 children showed three hours TV a day made children, 30% more likely to have the disorder. (Watching TV is Bad For Children, 1) and that kids who have the disorder can have a problem collaborating with other people. In addition to health problems, children can become overweight, while watching TV, as conveyed by www.med.umich.edu. In particular from children being overweight, advertisements can convince a child to eat junk f ood by saying that its good for them, when its not. Furthermore, another health problem people can get are sleeping problems when they watch TV. This ensures that infants and toddlers who watch TV, have more irregular sleep schedulesShow MoreRelatedMedia Effects On Children And Adolescents1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe world that we lived in is all surrounding with media, people use the media every day and everything; such as watching television, using the computer, and talking on the phone. On the media we could learn and find out the information that we need. And we can also share our personal information on the media. Media gives us a lot of convenient in our life, but there are also some negative impacts. Media has a lot of negative impacts which it could be affected on children and adolescents. The articleRead MoreHow Television Viewing Affects Children Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesHow Television Viewing Affects Children (Rough Draft) The Department of Education states that television is viewed an average of three to five hours per day by children. Too much television can have an everlasting affects on children, such as violent behavior, aggressive behavior, poor school performance, obesity, early sexual activities, and early drug and alcohol use. Television can affect children both physical and psychological (qtd. in Graham 1). Some argue that television does not affectRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Our Health951 Words   |  4 Pagesletting your children watch too much television can ruin them in the long run. Television has the ability to lead children to violence and destroy their innocence. Television can be pleasing to the eye. According to Jacoby children don’t become educated from watching TV. The more TV they watch, the less educated they usually end up. I agree with him because when I use to watch television I would feel extremely sluggish and not want to do anything else. Watching televi sion can have some effects towardsRead MoreHow Technology Can Benefit A Child s Cognitive Development1061 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology. They use technology whether they are using social media, using a learning program, or reading an electronic book. The truth is, that there are more positives than negatives when children use technology. There is fear that if children use too much technology they will not have proper development especially cognitively. This paper will show how technology can benefit a child’s cognitive development. One benefit is young children can learn how to read while using a device whether it is a computerRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children s Life Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesso advanced in technology that now organs can be transported in a machine that will keep them going, this means that organ transplants are transported safely and there is no time limit to the amount of time organs can last. Technology has grown so much that colonization in mars is very likely to happen soon. But as technology grows there has also been a huge amount of increase in weight. Obesity is something that many people in the United States suffer from, currently according to the CDC more thanRead MoreEssay on Negative Effects of Tv on Family Life1130 Words   |  5 PagesNegative Effects of TV The television has many effects on family life and the individual, causing family bonds to unravel and the individual to become naà ¯ve of their surroundings. The TV keeps one hooked for hours on end, causing family relationships to diminish and personal relationships to weaken. Not only does the TV seem to be a good alternative to conversations and interactions amongst one another, but it also helps to create a gap between the fictional world of TV and reality. Since theRead MoreIs Obesity Child A Reflection Of Parental Negligence?1201 Words   |  5 Pagescause of their child being overweight. Children who are overweight or obese by fifth grade have a high risk of becoming or remaining obese in their teen years, according to a study by researchers from Boston Children s Hospital and elsewhere. Published early online in the journal Pediatrics Nov. 4, the study highlights several factors contributing to that risk, such as watching an excess of television, having an obese parent, having lower household education and having a negative body image (RP NewswireRead MoreThe Effect of Television on a Childs Attention Span1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe effect of television on a childs attention span Samantha Martin COM/156 May 6, 2012 Jodi Galvan Axia College of the University of Phoenix The effect of television on a childs attention span In watching my 13-year-old daughter, and constantly trying to get her to complete the simplest of tasks such as loading the dishwasher. I have often wondered if watching too much television has anything to do with her inability to complete the smallest of tasks. Some people thinkRead MoreEssay about The Effect of Television on a Childs Attention Span1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe effect of television on a childs attention span Samantha Martin COM/156 May 6, 2012 Jodi Galvan Axia College of the University of Phoenix The effect of television on a childs attention span In watching my 13-year-old daughter, and constantly trying to get her to complete the simplest of tasks such as loading the dishwasher. I have often wondered if watching too much television has anything to do with her inability to complete the smallest of tasks. Some people think thatRead MoreShould Young Children Use Smartphones and Tablets?1375 Words   |  6 PagesSmartphones and Tablets More and more children are starting to use smartphones and tablets for media. Children are no longer as interested in going outside to play with their friends or watching their favourite television show anymore like they used to. There is no longer a reason for children to go outside or watch television when parents can just use smartphones and tablets to keep their children occupied at home where they know that their children are safe. Smartphones and tablets are basically new babysitters

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

International Trade Free Essays

International Trade Trade Most economists believe in free trade – the movement of goods between countries in the absence of harsh restrictions placed upon this exchange. The comparative cost principle is that countries should produce whatever they can make the most cheaply. Countries will raise their living standards and income if they specialize in the production of the goods and services in which they have the highest relative productivity: the amount of output produced per unit of an input (e. We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. raw material, labor). Specialization is a situation that occurs when individuals or businesses produce a narrow range of products. Countries can have an absolute advantage – so that they are the cheapest in the world, or a comparative advantage – so that they are only more efficient than some other countries in producing certain goods or services. This can be because they have raw materials, a particular climate, qualified labor (skilled workers), and economies of scale – reduced production costs because of large-scale production. Balance of payments Imports are goods or services bought from a foreign country. Exports are goods or services sold to a foreign country. A country that exports more goods than it imports has a positive balance of trade or a trade surplus. The opposite is a negative balance of trade or a trade deficit. Trade in goods is sometimes called visible trade (AmE: merchandise trade). Services such as banking, insurance and tourism are sometimes called invisible imports and exports. Adding invisibles to the balance of trade gives a country’s balance of payments. Protectionism Government, unlike most economists, often wants to protect various areas of the economy. These include agriculture – so that the country is certain to have food – and other strategic industries that would be necessary if there was a war and international trade became impossible. Governments also want to protect other industries that provide a lot of jobs. Many governments impose tariffs or import taxes on goods from abroad, to make them more xpensive and to encourage people to buy local products instead. However, there are an increasing number of free trade areas, without any import tariffs, in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas and blocs such as: †¢The EEA: European Economic Area containing the European Union plus some other countries. †¢NAFTA: North America Free Trade Area: Canada, US and Mexico. The World Trade Organization (WTO) tries to encourage free trade and reduce protectionism: restricting imports in order to help local products. According to the WTO agreement, countries have to offer the same conditions to all trading partners. The only way a country is allowed to try to restrict imports is by imposing tariffs. Countries should not use import quotas – limits to the number of products which can be imported – or other restrictive measures. Various international agreement also forbid dumping – selling goods abroad at below cost price in order to destroy or weaken competitors or to earn foreign currency to pay for necessary imports. Globalizing trends The supporters of globalization, the way that the world’s economy increasingly functions as one unit, say that it will continue to cause growth and prosperity to spread thanks to: †¢Free movement of capital: money for investment can be easily moved around the world †¢Trade liberalization: obstacles to international trade are gradually being removed. †¢Shipping costs that are ever-declining thanks to the efficiency of containerization. †¢Telecommunications and computing costs that have fallen dramatically. Fair trade The Fairtrade Foundation makes sure that producers and growers are paid a fair price, not just the market price, which can be catastrophically low. For example, prices can fall dramatically when there is overproduction around the world causing a glut in a particular commodity. Economic Crisis Economic crisis is marked by overpowering alarm, in financial or commercial circles, leading to a sudden and drastic restriction of credit and great shrinkage in commodity and property prices. A financial panic usually precipitates a wave of business failures and followed by a period of depression. How to cite International Trade, Essay examples

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

ICT Developments - Ethical - Social - and Legal Issues- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theICT Developments, Ethical, Social, and Legal Issues. Answer: ACS Codes of professional practice are principles for setting guidelines for acceptable methods of practice within information technology industry. In the ICT all software development has to be carried out following established codes of conduct. Given that the company paid for the usability testing and that employees are bound by the terms of the contract signed, they are free to leave the usability test. According to the codes of practice enhancement of quality of life, development of ICT has some negative impacts that an ethical approach to the work can help mitigate these effects. In accordance with these values, the entity needs to protect and promote the health of those affected by their work. If in the course of the usability test the health and safety of those involved are put at risk they are free to leave it. The entity is required to understand and give due regard to those who are affected by their work by increasing the feeling of personal satisfaction and controlling those affected. In a case where these values arent taken into consideration, the team members can leave the usability test (Bowern Weckert, 2006). Moreover, the interest of the public should come before those of the business hence any conflict should be resolved in favor of the public interest. The business is required to enhance the quality of lives of those affected by their operations. The internal team doing the system testing needs to be made aware of any conflict of interest that the business may be faced with and advised accordingly. (Barry and Sachdeva, 2004) The linguistic devices that the prime minister uses in his speech are as discussed in the following paragraphs. First, repetition. Repetition consists of phrases, words that have been repeated to add emphasis or power to the subject matter. A carefully planned and executed repetition increases the effectiveness of a message. The use of repeated phrases in a speech creates a greater familiarity with the message resulting in gradual agreement. The speaker uses frequent repetition of emotionally charged phrases such as we are sorry to the affected persons and when urging the Australians to focus on the future. This allows him to reinstate his contention to remind the audience of the urgent issues to which he is attending to (Miller, 2006). Parallel sentence structure refer to those sentences are similar in structure. This similarity makes it easier for listeners to concentrate on the message being passed across. The speaker uses this device for instructions when he asks Australians to embrace a future where all are equal partners with equal opportunities (Bamberg, 2007). Anaphora is another device that was used by the prime minister in his speech. It is a technique of emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginning of adjacent clauses. The speaker used "we are sorry" which was repeated at the end of each sentence. He also used anaphora when concluding his speech. He repeats the phrase "future (Hinrichs, 2006) Lastly, emotive language has been used which may make the listeners have an impression that he is aware of the sufferings of the stolen generation. This is manifested when he apologizes for the pain and sufferings of the stolen generation. This language may convince the audience of his intentions to make up for the mistakes done by the past government. (Drew Holt, 2008) Procrastination refers to putting aside something to be done at a later date. Examples include postponing reading for an examination for movies then study the night before the exam. This a real life example that happened to me whereby I had to wait to forgo my studies for entertainment, later to realize that I had utilized time that I could have used for revision. Report on Leadership Description Week 1-3 Learning Describe Some are born leaders, but others are made leaders. In my three weeks of learning, I was appointed the leader of my group to tackle an assignment. I knew I had to lead by example and so I made sure that communication was done early enough.I encouraged my members to do their research on time and eventually we did a comprehensive report that enabled us to score highly in the assignment Explore All leaders require some skills for them to interact with their members. Leaders need to be able to communicate with members on what they want to achieve and give them direction. In addition, confidence is another skill that enables leaders to maintain the morale of the members when faced with setbacks. For members to work hard and produce quality content .leaders need to be committed showing that hard work is required at all levels. Positive attitude is important for the success of any group hence leaders should possess as it keeps the energy levels of members up (Mumford Fleishman, 2010) Evaluate Succeeding in leadership requires cooperation among the members. Their contributions need to be taken into account. Higher levels of performance are often achieved by enabling members to feel they have a say in how things are to be done. Leaders need to be mindful of other leaders, mentors because they can learn from them (Crebert Cragnolini, 2014). Plan From what I have learned, leaders need to be trained on the leadership skills to perform their work effectively leader should be geared towards not only the development of the team but individuals constructs as well. True leadership is about pushing people to do what they wouldn't do on their own. References Bamberg, M. G. (2007). Positioning between structure and performance. Journal of narrative and life history, 7(1-4), 335-342. Barry, L., Blair, P. G., Cosgrove, E. M., Cruess, R. L., Cruess, S. R., Eastman, A. B., ... Sachdeva, A. K. (2004). One year, and counting, after publication of our ACS Code of Professional Conduct. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 199(5), 736-740. Bowern, M., Burmeister, O., Gotterbarn, D., Weckert, J. (2006). ICT Integrity: Bringing the ACS Code of Ethics up to date. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 13(2). Crebert, G., Bates, M., Bell, B., Patrick, C. J., Cragnolini, V. (2004). Developing generic skills at university, during work placement and in employment: graduates' perceptions. Higher Education Research Development, 23(2), 147-165. Drew, P., Holt, E. (2008). Figures of speech: Figurative expressions and the management of topic transition in conversation. Language in society, 27(4), 495-522. Hinrichs, E. (2006). Temporal anaphora in discourses of English. Linguistics and philosophy, 9(1), 63-82. Miller, J. H. (2006). Ariadne's Thread: Repetition and the Narrative Line. Critical Inquiry, 3(1), 57-77 Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O., Fleishman, E. A. (2010). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. The Leadership Quarterly Bamberg, M. G. (2007). Positioning between structure and performance. Journal of narrativeAnd life history, 7(1-4), 335-342. Barry, L., Blair, P. G., Cosgrove, E. M., Cruess, R. L., Cruess, S. R., Eastman, A. B., ... Sachdeva, A. K. (2004). One year, and counting, after the publication of our ACS "Code of Professional Conduct." Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 199(5), 736-740. Bowern, M., Burmeister, O., Gotterbarn, D., Weckert, J. (2006). ICT Integrity: Bringing theACS Code of Ethics up to date. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 13(2). Crebert, G., Bates, M., Bell, B., Patrick, C. J., Cragnolini, V. (2004). Developing generic skillsAt university, during work placement, and in employment: graduates' perceptions. Higher Education Research Development, 23(2), 147-165. Drew, P., Holt, E. (2008). Figures of speech: Figurative expressions and the management ofTopic transition in conversation. Language in Society, 27(4), 495-522. Hinrichs, E. (2006). Temporal anaphora in discourses of English. Linguistics and philosophy , 9(1), 63-82. Miller, J. H. (2006). Ariadne's Thread: Repetition and the Narrative Line. Critical Inquiry, 3(1),57-77 Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O., Fleishman, E. A. (2010). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. The Leadership Quarterly

Monday, March 30, 2020

Aural and Literary Techniques in Wilfred Owens free essay sample

How does Owen explore the horror of war through the power of poetry? Refer to at least TWO poems you have studied Wilfred Owen’s poignant war poetry is emblematic of the horror and brutality of war. His perceptive descriptions capture the true realities of war in a powerful and emotive way and could be representative of any war. The exploration of the horror of war through the power of poetry is effectively shown through ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ through the ironic old world view of the glory of serving one’s country and ‘Anthem of Doomed Youth’ which focuses on the tragedy of the lack of recognition given to those that die on the battlefield. Wilfred Owen’s own experience allows him to describe the true and horrific nature of war through a range of effective poetic devices which resonate with responders, such as figurative language, imagery and structure.Additionally, Wilfred Owen explores the physical and mental devastation of war on the soldiers with veracity and insight which effectively conveys his personal opinion and adds to the power of poetry. We will write a custom essay sample on Aural and Literary Techniques in Wilfred Owens or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Owen’s exploration of the brutality and futility of war is clearly evident through the powerful descriptive poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’. The forceful poem begins with the use of irony within the title where it alludes to the â€Å"old lie† that it was noble and heroic to give up your life for your country.Owen makes this point clearly through the graphic description of the soldier’s during battle. The evocative imagery, shown through the similes in â€Å"bent double, like old beggars† and â€Å"coughing like hags† and the metaphorical â€Å"distant rest† reflecting the lack of escape from the tragedies of war, contrasts to that of the traditional glory of war espoused by the world leaders at the time which clearly angered Owen. Similarly, Owen’s obvious resentment is shown further through his warning â€Å"my friend, you would not tell with such high zest/to children ardent for some desperate glory/the old lie† which adds further weight to his sarcastic view of World War I propaganda. Akin to this, is the personal nature of the poem where Owen states metaphorically through the use of first person that â€Å"as under a green sea, I saw him drowning/in all my dreams before my helpless sight† hat long after the war is over, the soldiers, himself included, will continue to be haunted by the horrific occurrences of the brutality of death at the hands of â€Å"gas-shells dropping. † Furthermore, the gruesome onomatopoeic â€Å"gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs† contradicts and clearly negates the notion of the glory and romantic view of war and it is through these ideas that Owen is veraciously able to use the power of poetry to aptly describe the horrors of war. Similarl y, to the descriptive representation of the realities of war shown in ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ is the sad realities of war in ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’.Within this poem, Owen reflects anger towards the fact that these young and innocent soldiers were granted no proper funeral. This point is supported through the rhetorical question â€Å"what passing-bells for these who die like cattle? † where Owen powerfully utilises simile to collectively dehumanise the young, innocent and nameless men as they get no recognition for the service they pay for their countries through the funerals they would have had otherwise. Furthermore, Owen’s anger is apparent through the juxtaposition of the words â€Å"Anthem†, â€Å"Doomed† and â€Å"Youth† in the title. The irony and sarcasm is clearly depicted here as he highlights the notion that these young and innocent men should be celebrated because of their sacrifice, but instead they are condemned to die with only â€Å"the shrill, demented choirs† rather than with the â€Å"drawing down of blinds†. The antithetical depiction of the battle funerals and the traditional funerals help reflect the bitterness felt by Wilfred Owen and the lack of respect paid to these young men. Moreover, Owen effectively utilises the structure of a sonnet as an extended metaphor to further highlight the point that he was making about the futile and destructive nature of war.The first octave reflects a tone of misery and contempt because there would be â€Å"no mockeries for them; no prayers nor bells† which is then contrasted in the second stanza into a tone of sympathy and compassion reflected metaphorically through â€Å"their flowers the tenderness of patient minds†. The structure f urther emphasises Wilfred Owen’s disappointment at the unrecognised deaths of the soldiers who valiantly died for their country and it is Owen’s ability to powerfully convey the sadness and futility of war that makes this poem resonate with audiences in a range of contexts.Wilfred Owen cleverly and effectively utilises the power of poetry to convey the horror and brutal nature of war. In particular his thematic focus on the futility of war is clearly evident through his use of irony and sarcasm in ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ and the fact that he could not understand the justification for sending young, innocent soldiers to die so horrifically. Furthermore, his personal perspective juxtaposed with strong and evocative imagery greatly emphasises the point he was making about the horrors of war.Similarly, his anger at the lack of recognition shown to these soldiers in ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ is apparent as he contrasts the respectable and traditional funerals with the battlefield funerals and the fact that these young men would not get the commemoration they deserved. It is through the power of effective poetry that enables Wilfred Owen to convey the horrors and brutality of war in such a way that resonates with audiences in varying contexts.

Saturday, March 7, 2020

American Political Climate Leading Up To Affirmative Action In The 1990s

American Political Climate Leading Up To Affirmative Action In The 1990s Affirmative ActionAmerica was founded on the principle that every man was created equal and each had their own right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. However, the social construct of race created a nation that saw only one kind of people as the man referred to in our Constitution; whites. Since the dawn of slavery in this nation over 350 years ago there has been an unspoken understanding about the social hierarchy by which this nation's people would abide, and the limitations of access to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness that some groups could not exceed. In 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that dismembered slavery in the United States, however, centuries later, the ghost of slavery still remains in the form of racism. Though racism within our institutions is much more transparent now than it has been historically, it is still very prevalent and very much a deterrent to non-whites in America.English: Photo of the front of Plessy v. Ferguson .. .Thus, systems like Affirmative Action that encourage ethnic and gender diversity have been embraced by schools and employers alike in order to "even the playing field" and rectify centuries of social disadvantage by working harder to accept or hire those who have been historically disadvantaged. This paper is an examination of the history and evolution of Affirmative Action in the United States of America.In light of the Civil War, with south as a recovering portion that was occupied by union troops until 1877 (because of reconstruction), United States legislation reflected a northern sympathy for the plight of the newly freed slaves in the south. The controversial Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 that freed all slaves in the border and secession states (which lead to the Northern victory in the civil war due to their overwhelming manpower) was an obvious about face in...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Teenage Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teenage Suicide - Essay Example Suicide is the third leading cause of death for youth and adolescents ages 15-24 years old, indicating that all youth are at great risk for suicide (American Association of Suicidology 1). Suicide is now the fourth leading cause of death for youth between the ages of 10-14 (Crosby 2). Suicide can affect all youth regardless of ethnicity or socioeconomic status; however, there have been rapid increases within specific ethnic groups. In order to address this issue among our high school age students, it is important to analyze who is at greatest risk, to identify risk factors, and to identify potential protective factors. Additionally, suicide prevention and early intervention programs implemented in schools should be assessed regarding their effectiveness. What is not effective should be modified accordingly. Ethnic Differences European American, African American, Hispanic, and Native American youth are all affected by suicide. Suicide among our youth is most prevalent for white males (Crosby, 5). According to the Centers for Disease Control, 73% of all suicides involving adults are white males. However, in the last two decades, among African American male youth ages 10-14, suicide rates have tripled and for ages 15-19 the suicide rate has doubled (Capuzzi 38). Additionally, the Centers for Disease Control has- identified that the Hispanic youth suicide rate is increasing. Furthermore, their rates of suicide ideation and attempts are increasing at staggering numbers (O'Donnell et al., 39-40). Native American youth also have history of a high rate of suicide attempts (Capuzzi, 38). Although the European American population has always represented the highest proportion of suicides among all ethnic groups, it is important to view all of our youth, regardless of ethnicity, as at-risk, considering the recent changes in suicide statistics in the last decade. Different factors contribute to the reasons for suicide attempts for each ethnic group. This needs to be conside red when creating an effective youth suicide prevention and early intervention program. Currently, European American youth are the primary recipients of crisis intervention dealing with suicide in contrast with their Hispanic peers who are least likely to receive interventions (Kataoka, Stein, Leiberman, & Wong, 1444). This may be influencing the increases in suicide attempts and completions among this demographic group. Risk Factors for Suicide There has not been a specific profile created to early identify all youth at risk for suicide ideation or suicide attempts. The literature does suggest, however, that there are some common identifying characteristics to consider, although alone they are not indicators. Some common characteristics of youth may warrant the attention of adults to better evaluate these students for suicide ideation. Since suicide is the third leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States, it is key to train the community to identify those at risk. Stressors youth are dealing with may be the trigger for suicide attempts, which are often impulsive responses by youth to escape their problems (Crosby 2). The impulsivity of the act further indicates the need for early intervention among youth dealing with dramatic or life-impacting circumstances. Research has noted some behaviors that may be exhibited by a youth who has suicide ideation. These behaviors include, but are not limited to, the lack of concern for personal welfare, social changes, decline in school performance, including attendance patterns, change in eating and sleeping habits, a new preoccupation with violence and death, increased sexually promiscuity, and other risky behaviors, including substance use (Capuzzi, 40; Guo & Harstall, 11-15). Not all

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

The Atomic Attack on Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Atomic Attack on Japan - Essay Example After Germany's surrender in May 1945, the U.S. and its allies were able to concentrate their efforts on forcing Japan to surrender. With the fall of the Marianas Islands in July 1944, it had become apparent to military leaders on all sides that the fall of Japan was a foregone conclusion (Long). The increased capability of B29 bombers to strike Japan opened Japan's cities and industry to severe attacks. Coupled with a Naval blockade that crippled Japan's ability to gain the resources to wage war, it was only a question of when the surrender would occur. By June 1945, General Curtis LeMay estimated that U.S. airstrikes would have no Japanese targets left by October 1945 (Long). As early as June 1945, the U.S. had intercepted cables from the Japanese to the Russians seeking aid in an offer to surrender (Lewis). With Japan weakening, the Potsdam Declaration of July 1945 called for Japan's unconditional surrender. The harsh rhetoric of the declaration, aimed at the Japanese, indicated that Emperor Hirohito would be deposed and treated as a war criminal. Due to the Japanese religious belief that the emperor was a God, the Proclamation was unacceptable even to the Japanese peace movement. While Japan attempted to negotiate surrender through Russia, the U.S. held fast demanding the complete dismantling of the Japanese authority. The fate of the emperor, and the unwillingness of the U.S. to have Russia broker the deal, were the main points impeding a calculated surrender. Leading scientists as well as military leaders of this period overwhelmingly opposed using the new dreadful weapon. Most found its use against a civilian population repugnant. Many of them suggested a demonstration to the Japanese of its awesome capabilities in an effort to persuade them into surrender. Most agreed that a demonstration would be less than effective and a waste of a bomb. Truman writes in his private diary of July 25, 1945, that he has ordered the bomb dropped on a purely military target and spare civilians, women, and children (Truman Diary). It was clear by his diary entry that he understood the ramifications of the bomb's destructive capability. Truman had quipped that the Japanese would fight to their last dying man and an invasion would cost a million American lives. These were anecdotal estimates and had no military basis. In fact, in the days before the bomb was dropped, Japan was trying to secure an acceptable surrender that would maintain the Emperor's fate. Yet, in the face of scientific opposition and military skepticism, Truman stuck to the order to drop the bombs and struck Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. A second strike hit Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. When the bomb was dropped, the American public shared Truman's enthusiasm laced with a hint of the gloom that rose over the horizon. The perception is still prevalent today that the bomb prevented an invasion and saved American lives (Hogan, 146).Estimates are that 170,000 Japanese were killed instantly from the bomb and the ensuing radiation (Anhalt). Most were civilians. Still, the Japanese Cabinet refused to surrender due to their belief in the emperor as a God. As

Monday, January 27, 2020

Corporate Social Responsibility Environmental Disclosures Philosophy Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Environmental Disclosures Philosophy Essay In many nations debates over current global issues such as climate change and poverty are sites of educational, social and political conflict. This paper explores the academic attempt made by Human Development (HD) model, to address Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) environmental disclosures in annual reports. Also this essay seeks to examine the impact of the notion of social contract and legitimacy upon corporate responsibility and Environmental Disclosure Policies. Discussion then shifts to an ecocentric critic on Marx and an ecofeminism critic on Frankfurt school on ecological crisis. As a way forward, an ecocentric outlook is introduced. The paper ends with conclusion. Introduction There is a growing understanding that the current crisis we face is both ecological and social furthermore the global challenges of poverty, that are foreseen to grow in many ways through Climate Change demand constructive, innovative and forward looking approaches between development sectors (World Bank, 2003). In recent years, there has been a proliferation of corporate social and environmental disclosures in business practice (Coles and Murphy, 1999). This study goes further than accepting the achievements in voluntary environmental disclosures in (CSR) annual reports, into actual commitment by the industrialized world in tackling environmental degradation. It critically evaluates the impact of mainstream notion of social contract and legitimacy in (HD) literature upon corporate responsibility disclosure policies theoretical arguments a way forward, an ecocentric perspective is introduced, one that draws leading an ecologically informed philosophy of internal relatedness to narro w the gap between (CSR) environmental disclosures and actual commitment to environmental protection. Description of a New Sustainability view Ever since the Bruntland Commission introduced the concept of Sustainable Development in its seminal report, Our Common Future, (UN, 1987). Governments and their development partners at the national, regional and international level have struggled to operationalize the concept of sustainability in development policies, programs and plans (World Bank, 2003). Part of the reason for this struggle is because sustainability is a highly complex concept that over time has come to mean different things to different people (Pepper, 1996). Sustainability actually describes several different approaches as well these approaches carry with them different visions of society and different political commitments to action (Pepper, 1996). Although, the sustainability defining roots come largely from environmental-economic fields (Constanza et al, 1992) the concept of Sustainable Development incorporated other aspects questioning justice, poverty, inequality, and peoples aspiration for a better life, only to mention a few (Naess, 1990). As a result, cultural, technological, ethical ambits have been most recently introduced in various innovative ways to better picture a multidimensional and integrated perception of the sustainability notion in an attempt to achieve progressively, what has called; a public relation response between business sectors and environmental organizations (Coles and Murphy, 1999). Like many critical theorists, we are strengthening corporate responsibility as fact that must be taken into account when talking of people and their environment, not only on the things that affect them but also on things on which they have an effect (Naess, 1999). Under this idea, sustainability has been recently define d in Human Development model with rather different and new terms and further characterizations demonstrating levels of interaction between business sectors and nature originating thoughts from many authors; such as Coles and Murphy, 1999), who has for instance defined it as: a proactive environmental management. CSR- Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in (HD) has emerged largely since the 1950s, but its origins in the UK can be traced back to nineteenth century and early twentieth century philanthropists, many of whom left a lasting legacy; for instance, William Cadbury, who became a leading philanthropist as a result of successful business endeavors at the turn of the twentieth century (the William Cadbury Trust). Since then Businesses sectors has been engage in (CSR) for diverse reasons, driven by economic, ethical and other considerations. The conception of (CSR) is closely related to the conception of the social accountability in Human Development (Coles and Murphy, 1999). It is evident in this post-modern world that the business (CSR) annual reports have moved away from narrow financial disclosures to the disclosure of a number of broader social issues for a larger audience on a voluntary basis ranging from information about employees, political and charitable donations, environment pollution, social audit and other social information (Coles and Murphy, 1999). Perhaps this is one of the attempts to building what literature now describes as social accountability in Human Development (Coles and Murphy, 1999). The (CSR) annual reports are already advancing future concern for peoples ´ welfare foreseen as a long run problematic issue, but certainly is not yet questioning environmental havoc as one key aspect to analyse within. Most recently though, UNDP ´s Human Development notion began to question the fact that yet through elaborated definition and examination (CSR) is not really focusing enough on people and environment. Defining CSR eco-social unsustainability Defining current patterns of (CSR) and corporations as eco-social unsustainability is one way of making transparent human-nature connections (Williams, 1980). One needs to question the reasons for a sudden increase in these broader disclosures. Some may argue that such procedures on the part of the preparers of corporate annual reports may be nothing but a giant public relations campaign. From a more critical perspective the above may be seen as celebrations by environmentalists and researchers in sustainability. As Coles and Marphy, (1999) point out (CSR) Annual report of corporations these days are filled with information that celebrate successful social accountability actions but negative consequences of their actions such as externalities from pollution as costs to the society are never highlighted, thereby silencing injustices. The difference between voluntary environmental disclosure practices and the actual tackling or commitments to environmental performance of corporations cannot go unaddressed for long. A study by Perlo-Freeman in Nigeria (2002) reports a significant negative relation between sustainable development performance and Shell (CSR) annual reports. The findings support the argument that companies with worst environmental performance records (highest levels of toxic releases) provide most extensive environmental disclosure. Given the widespread variation in social and environmental disclosure, it is not surprising that a number of narrow, human-centred overlapping theories of such disclosure have evolved (for example, social contract, legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and progressive market) (Pepper, 1996). We argue that a (CSR) approach thorough ecocentric theory on environmental issues is capable of providing a more comprehensive theoretical framework to the (HD) current ecological cris is. A Critique of Social Accountability Mainstream Theoretical Arguments Mainstream theoretical arguments for environmental in (CSR) comprise the Social Contract Theory approach and Legitimacy Theory. Social Contract Theory approach is the base of managerialist school of thought in addiction Social Contract Theory hypothesizes that the foundation stone of morality are uniform social accords that best serve the interests of those who make the agreements. Legitimacy Theory is closely related to the conception of the social contract. The theory posits that businesses are bound by the social contract in which the firms agree to perform various socially desired actions in return for approval of its objectives and other rewards, and this ultimately guarantees its continued existence (Guthrie and Parker, 1989). Legitimacy theory is essentially a systems-oriented theory, i.e. organisations are viewed as components of the larger social environment within which it exists (Dowling and Pfeffer, 1975). As this paper demonstrates these approaches favour an anthropocent ric (CSR) stance and concur with the arguments of the critical school in relation to the limitations of such approaches. Critique of Social Contract Theory approach Firstly, it is evident that the traditional (CSR) model, although dependent upon a range of conventions, has restricted itself to a dominant principle: value of goods and services also non human perception (Ormerod, 1994). This attitude is in line with the concepts of objectivity and profit that enhance shareholders and creditors welfare. They are seen as the primary users in the managerialist model, their needs are known (wealth maximisation), and are paramount, and the needs of other users are secondary. This observation, from an ecocentric (CSR) environmental perspective, ignores the information of the environment impact furthermore is just an ideological cloak to protect corporations. With this line of argument, (CSR) under the managerialist approach becomes important only if it affects the survival and continuity of an enterprise. Critique of Legitimacy theoretical arguments Legitimacy Theory is closely related to the conception of the social contract. The theory posits that businesses are bound by the social contract in which the firms agree to perform various socially desired actions in return for approval of its objectives and other rewards, and this ultimately guarantees its continued existence (Guthrie and Parker, 1989). This theoretical arguments for environmental (CSR) are ineffective according to the eco-socialists school (Pepper, 1996), largely due to the fact that social responsibility and profitability are at odds as a result of the neoclassical economics foundation on which the social accountability model is based. In spite of severe criticisms, legitimacy theorists defends their thought by questioning whether progress could be made under the critical approach by think that is possible to somehow reconcile the destructive tendencies in neoclassical, capitalist economics with radical sustainable development (Pepper, 1996). They state that while it is acknowledged that present practices (CSR) are far from perfect, one must work within the system and slowly refine it to be reflective of social and environmental issues rather than completely accepting or completely rejecting current systems which have been widely accepted for centuries as a decision useful tool in (HD) paradigm (Pepper 1996). Ecophilosophical point of view of Social Accountability From an ecophilosophical (HD) point of view, the most fundamental division in eco-social theory is between those who adopt an anthropocentric perspective and those who adopt a nonanthropocentric (ecocentric) perspective (Pepper, 1996). The distinction could be best understood as representing a spectrum of thought rather than separate and distinct positions. The first approach focuses on human freeing and fulfillment in an ecologically sustainable society, while the second examines the notion of emancipation in a broader context emancipation that also recognises the moral standing of the nonhuman world (Dobson, 1990). We are of the view that an ecocentric philosophical orientation provides the most comprehensive, promising and distinctive framework to study todays environmental problems. This is not to claim that ecocentrism would solve all our environmental social responsibility problems. Instead, emphasis is on providing sufficient details of an alternative model that could improve the present practice of (CSR) for the environment and provide a basis for a sustainable future in Human Development. An Ecocentric Critique of Marxism In this section we present an ecocentric challenge to Marxism and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School. A complete overview of these works remains beyond the scope of this paper, and only key ideas/issues in ecological context have been considered. Pepper (1996) argues that literature is far from clear about the extent to which Marxian analysis can be said to be compatible with or at conflict with environmentalism. Marx focused on capital, labour, surplus value, class conflicts and so on, and this placed him closer to liberal economics than to environmentalism (Pepper 1996). As for Marx, environmental problems, like social problems are traced directly to the exploitative dynamics of capitalism and solution to such problems require revolutionary transformation of the relations of production (Pepper, 1996). Marx was only marginally concerned with environmental degradation with no systematic theory of humanitys relationship to nature. The dominant sense in which Marx characterised nature was as a medium for human labour (Mellor, 1992). The above arguments seek to demonstrate that an ecocentric perspective on environment cannot be wrested out of Marxism without seriously distorting Marxs own theoretical concepts. Social Ecofeminism Critique of Frankfurt School The critical theory of the Frankfurt School is not a single doctrine or a unified worldview. Sharp differences have existed for long time among critical theorists at the Frankfurt School, as evidenced by the increasingly heterogeneous nature of their works. The first generation of Frankfurt theorists focused on different levels and dimensions of domination and exploitation through critique of instrumental reason, which also included critical examination of the relationship between humanity and nature (Mellor, 1992). First, early Frankfurt Schools critical discourse was pessimistic in outlook towards nature romanticism and was increasingly preoccupied with theory instead of practice. Secondly, a more fundamental explanation lies in the way critical theory developed in the hands of Habermas, who has, by and large, focused on social and political rather than personal aspects, thereby marginalizing green movement (Warren, 1990). Critical scholars in corporate responsibility have drawn up on Marxist and Habermasian themes to think and act about environmental (HD) pathways. Yet to date, critical theory has not had a major direct bearing in shaping the theory and practice of the green movement, except in indirect ways (Pepper, 1996). An Ecocentrism Critique of Frankfurt School There are two other problematic aspects of Frankfurt Schools theses that deserve attention. One is that it separates and privileges good life for humans concerning the emancipation of nonhuman world. And the other is the claim that we know nature, through science and technology ignore the reality of biological and ecological (Mellor, 1992) only insofar as we can control it, thus legitimising continued exploitation of the nonhuman world. In this way Frankfurt Schools endorses rather than challenges dominant anthropocentric prejudices towards the nonhuman world. As Eckersley (1992) argued that according to Habermas schema, a norm is considered right if it is achieved via a consensus reached between truthful and rational human agents. Thus the principal objection to Habermas social and political theory has been that it is human-centred, insisting that the emancipation of human relations need not depend upon the emancipation of nature. Alternative Ecocentric Arguments for (CSR) Environment There is no intention on our part to offer a detailed proposal on what an ecocentric corporate responsibility might look like as this will amount to putting the cart before the horse. Instead, we argue in support of a broad, thoroughgoing framework, sensitive to both human and nonhuman world, and one that seeks emancipation which will provide a better and more meaningful theoretical basis for environmental (CSR) and related environmental disclosures. Anthropocentricism and ecocentricism represent two opposing poles on a continuum, with different orientations towards nature, and major streams of modern environmentalism fall between these poles. It is argued that this classification enables an evaluation with regard to the kind and degree of anthropocentricism or ecocentricism that is manifest in green political discourses. Eckersley (1992) discusses at least four positions (resource conservation, human welfare ecology, preservationism, animal liberation and ecocentricism) on the continuum, moving from an economistic and instrumental environmental ethic towards a comprehensive and holistic environmental ethic (Pepper, 1996). The latter conforms to key ecocentric beliefs that recognise human and non-human interests, present and future within a more encompassing framework for human development. Ecocentrism draws upon an ecologically informed philosophy of internal relatedness that advocates that all organisms are not only interrelated with their environment, but also constituted by those environmental interrelationships. Ontologically, under this perspective, the world is an intrinsically dynamic, interconnected web of relations in which there is no absolutely discrete entities and no absolute dividing lines between the living and the nonliving, the animate and the inanimate or the human and the nonhuman (Eckersley, 1992). Ecocentric theorists emphasise on the absence of any rigid and absolute dividing line between humans and nonhumans to point out the logical inconsistency in anthropocentric models that justify exclusive moral considerations of humans and their superiority (for example, language skills, reasoning skills and technological skills). Some may argue that there are countless things that nonhumans do better (see for example, Fox, 1990) and to single out special attributes of human simply tantamount to human prejudice. To criticise ecocentric orientations as anti-science, ecocentric theorists have pointed out how new scientific discoveries have served to challenge long standing anthropocentric prejudices (Eckersley, 1992), and further argue that the philosophical premises of ecocentrism are actually more consistent with modern science than the premises of anthropocentrism. The concept of internal relatedness upon which ecocentrism stands, equally applies to relations among humans, in a biological, psychological, and social sense. In other words, we are all constituted by our interrelationships between other humans, and our economic, political and cultural affiliations (Eckersley, 1992). Since birth, humans are constituted by, and co evolves within the context of such relations and cannot be separated from them. Based on this social interactionist model, which is not new in social sciences, humans are neither completely passive and determined nor completely autonomous and self-determining, rather, are relatively autonomous beings, who by their knowledge, thought and action help constitute the very relations that determine who they are ( Anderson, 1996). Further, it needs to be pointed out that ecocentric theorists are not against the central value of autonomy as depicted in Western (CSR) political thought; they are concerned with the revision of the notion to incorporate into it, a broader ecological framework a framework that incorporates individuals and social aspects in a more encompassing way. Eckersley (1992) argues that while the liberal idea of autonomy as independence from others can be seen as philosophically misguided, socialists tend to adopt a more relational model of self, but both are deeply embedded in anthropocentrism. The ecocentric reformulation of autonomy at no stage implies that the boundary between the self and others is removed, it rather seeks to emphasise the soft and flexible nature of line between them. Ecocentric foundation requires psychological maturity and involves a sensitive mediation between ones individual self and the larger whole with a view to having a sense of competent agency in the world (Ec kersley, 1992). On the contrary, the quest of radical independence from others or power over others leads to an objectification of others, and a denial of their own modes of relative autonomy or subjectivity. What is new and adds strength to an ecocentric perspective is that it extends the notion of autonomy to a broader and more encompassing pattern of layered interrelationships that extend beyond personal and societal relations to include relations with the rest of the biotic community (Pepper, 1996). In this way the nonhuman world is not posited in the background but recognised as having their relative autonomy and their own modes of being. Zimmerman (1988) made this comment: the paradigm of internal relations lets us view ourselves as manifestations of a complex universe; we are not apart but are moments in the open-ended, novelty-producing process of cosmic evolution. Some critiques are cynical of ecocentrism, as it interprets nature selectively, something that is essentially h armonious, kindly and benign, providing and all too convenient framework for human relations (Eckersley, 1992). But there is no need to depict the nature as such, and to judge the nonhuman world by human standards, we will invariably find it wanting, for nonhuman nature knows no human ethics, it simply is (Livingston, 1981, Eckersley, 1992). Conclusion While voluntary environmental disclosures in corporate annual reports throughout the world are on rise, we have argued that these disclosures do not provide sufficient grounds for celebrations. One needs to go deeper and examine the silences in those successful stories in order to understand better the motives for such disclosures and more so, the extent to which corporations are actually tackling the environmental problems. It is the actual commitment to environmental performance that matters the most, for (HD) and (CSR) disclosure of such information will fall into its appropriate place when the former is taken care of. In seeking emancipation an existential attitude of mutuality needs to be adopted simply because ones personal fulfillment is inextricably tied up with that of others. The gap between voluntary environmental disclosures in corporate annual reports and lack of firm decisive actions to protect environmental by the industralised world will continue, as long as environme ntal philosophical enquiry favours human interests over the interests of the nonhuman world. Theoretical contexts: Anderson, E.N. (1996) The disenchanted: religion as ecological control, and its modern fate and A summary, and some suggestions. Extracts from Ecologies of the heart, pp. 161-179. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 19 509010 1 Birch, C and Cobb, B. Jr. (1981) The liberation of life: from the cell to the community, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Coles, D. and Murphy, K. (1999) Social accountability: a new approach to business.Extract from Sustainable Development International, pp. 17-20. ISSN 1 466 4739 Costanza,et al (1992) Goals, agenda and policy recommendations for ecological economics, in Costanza, R. (ed.) Ecological Economics: the science and management of sustainability, New York: Columbia University Press. Dobson, A. (1990) Green Political Thought, London: Unwin Hyman, second edition 1995. Dowling, J. and Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational Legitimacy: Social Values and Organizational Behaviour. Pacific Sociological Review. Vol. 18 (1). pp. 122-136. Eckersley, R. (1992) Environmentalism and political theory: towards an ecocentric approach, State University of New York Press, New York. Fox, W. (1990) Towards a transpersonal ecology: developing new foundations for environmentalism, Shambhala, Boston. Guthrie, J. Parker, L.D; (1990) Corporate Social Disclosure Practice : a Comparative International Analysis Advances in Public Interest Accounting, Vol. 3, pp. 159-175 Habermas, J. (1981) New social movements, Telos, Vol. 49, pp. 33 37. Livingston, J. (1981) The fallacy of wildlife conservation, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto. Mellor, M. (1992) Dilemmas of essentialism and materialism. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 3(2), 43-62. Naess, A. (1990) Sustainable development and deep ecology . Extract from Engel, J. R. and Engel, J. G. (eds) Ethics of Environment and Development, pp. 87-96. Belhaven Press. ISBN 1 85293 251 1 Ormerod, P. (1994) I see, said the blind man, Independent on Sunday, 13 March, 21, extract from The Death of Economics, London: Faber and Faber. Pepper, D. (1996) Radical materialism: changing the economic base. In Modern Environmentalism: An introduction, pp. 301-305. Routledge. ISBN 0 415 05745 0 Perlo-Freeman, S. (2002) Militarism and Sustainability. A paper for the Education for Sustainability conference, November. The World Bank (2003). Extract from The world development reporter 2003: Global problems and local concerns, pp. 162-173. Oxford University Press ISBN 0 8213 5150 8 Warren, K. (1990) The power and the promise of ecological feminism, Environmental Ethics, 12, 125-46. Williams, R. (1980) Ideas of nature. Extract from Problems in Materialism and Culture, pp. 67-85. Verso. ISBN 0 86091 028 8 Zimmerman, M. (1988) Quantum theory, intrinsic value, and panentheism, Environmental Ethics, 10, pp. 3 30.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Biological Views of Man Essay

1. Humans, or human beings, are bipedalprimates belonging to the mammalian speciesHomo sapiens (Latin: â€Å"wise man† or â€Å"knowing man†). Humans have a highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning, language, and introspection. 2. The cerebral cortex is nearly symmetrical, with left and right hemispheres that are approximate mirror images of each other. Anatomists conventionally divide each hemisphere into four â€Å"lobes†, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe. 3. Frontal lobe: It is associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movements, emotions and problem solving. Parietal Lobe: Associated with movement orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli. Occipital Lobe: Associated with visual processing. Temporal Lobe: Associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech. 4. The human brain perceives the external world through the senses, and each individual human is influenced greatly by his or her experiences, leading to subjective views of existence and the passage of time. Humans are variously said to possess consciousness, self-awareness, and a mind, which correspond roughly to the mental processes of thought. 5. These are said to possess qualities such as self- awareness, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. The extent to which the mind constructs or experiences the outer world is a matter of debate, as are the definitions and validity of many of the terms used above. 6. The philosopher of cognitive science Daniel Dennett, for example, argues that there is no such thing as a narrative center called the â€Å"mind†, but that instead there is simply a collection of sensory inputs and outputs: different kinds of â€Å"software† running in parallel. 7. Psychologist B.F. Skinner argued that the mind is an explanatory fiction that diverts attention from environmental causes of behavior, and that what are commonly seen as mental processes may be better conceived of as forms of covert verbal behavior. 8. Like most primates, humans are social by nature; however, humans are particularly adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of cooperating and competing groups, ranging in scale from small families and partnerships to species-wide political, scientific and economic unions. 9. Social interactions between humans have also established an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics, values, social norms, and laws which form the basis of human society. Humans also have a marked appreciation for beauty and aesthetics which, combined with the human desire for self-expression, has led to cultural innovations such as art, literature and music. 10. Mans needs, feelings and desires cause him to act for his own benefit and without regard for the needs and wishes of others. Man uses every means to fulfill his own needs: he uses every kind of transport to reach his destination; he uses the leaves, stems and fruit of plants and trees; he lives upon the meat of animals and their products, and takes advantage of a multitude of other things to complement his own deficiencies in certain respects. 11. Man co-operates with the social nexus and gives a certain measure of his own efforts to fulfill the needs of others; in return he benefits from the efforts of others in order to full fill his own needs. Thus mans first nature incites him to pursue the fulfillment of his own needs using others in the process and taking advantage of their work for his own ends. It is only in cases of necessity and helplessness that he lends a hand to co- operate with society. 12. In the development of human beings, all three factors are very important†¦ like in the topic â€Å"man as psychological, biological and social unit†, these three factors go parallel to each other. Man is incomplete even if one of the above mentioned factor is missing. Biological factors include the inherited characters, that helps in the development of human beings. 13. Some characters are inherited in humans like aggression, feelings, attitudes, behavior, emotions, height, color and so on. Brain is the central part of human body. Hypothalamus controls different mechanisms like secretions of hormones, (endocrine and exocrine secretions), motivation and moods and other activities within the body. Due to biological presence of brain, the psychology of human develops that further leads towards the development of man as a psychological unit. 14. Social factors are also important with biological and psychological factors. It includes the systems of communication and exchange of ideas. Social interactions between humans have also established an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics, values, social norms, and laws which form the basis of human society. 15. Conclusion: Human’s personality is basically the combination of all three factors, all go parallel to each other, any phenomena cannot occurs separately..

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Advertising Images of Elderly

Advertising Images of Elderly The attitudes younger generations have of the elderly and the relationships they share, as well as perceptions older people have of themselves, are directly affected by stereotypes portrayed in television advertisements (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p. 35). When the elderly are visible in advertising, it is typically in life insurance and emergency catastrophe product commercials.These ads implied that the elderly are feeble, stubborn, grouchy, lonely, ugly, helpless, mentally declined, and isolated (â€Å"Life Call Commercial,† n. d. ). As a group, they suffered from immobility, illness, and frailness (â€Å"August 2004 Commercials part 9,† n. d. ). By portraying the elderly in a negative aspect in advertising, younger audiences and senior citizens began to accept the stereotypical and an unrealistic portrait of aging (Hillier & Barrow, 2011,p 39-41).All too many advertisements that use the elderly perpetuate negative aging stereotypes. These t elevision ads often try to generate media attention that overemphasis the vulnerability of older people (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p 47). One clear example of this, when Lifecall began running an overly dramatic advertisement in the late 1980’s. Typically, these older actors in these commercials were force to portray characters that were either deathly ill or sprawled across the bathroom floor clutched to a walker, crying â€Å"Help!I’ve fallen and I can’t get up! † The ad gave younger viewers the impression that the elderly were all of a sudden incapable of being alone at home, unable to get help, perhaps for hours or even days. They must rely on their medical alert pendent if they were ever going to call an ambulance, a next door neighbor, family, or a doctor (â€Å"Life Call Commercial,† n. d. ). Running head: ADVERTISING IMAGES OF ELDERLY 4 In other ads, the elderly were repeatedly reminded of negative stereotypes associated with aging (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p. 7). As the older spokeswoman dropped change into the parking meter, she described to a group of listeners that Colonial Penn Life Insurance helped make sure that her money problems did not become a burden to her family. The commercial continued to communicate with the elderly that the average cost of a funeral was over six thousand dollars (â€Å"August 2004 Commercials part 9,† n. d. ). These advertisements conveyed the idea to the elderly that their departure will place significant financial burdens to their family members.They would more likely be remembered for putting their families into extensive debt. By repeatedly exposing negative portrayals of elderly in Lifecall and Colonial Penn Life Insurance television ads, many children and young adults have lost their respect for the elderly. They believe in wrong or emphasize fictional messages of older people. They see the elderly as defenseless and burdens. Also, the negative stereotypes in television ads have a serious effect on older people’s self-esteem. They take on the negative stereotypes generated on television ads.